ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT - Essay Example Some individuals monitor themselves in every condition and try to improve with time and circumstances. The ability to adapt in such individuals is always high. They utilize their social environments as a source of information. They are concerned about their actions in social gathering, social comparison information and demand of different situations. Various factors of internal and external environment influence individuals in different ways. Moral norms, attitudes, motives, social roles, type of family and guardianship, economic conditions, gender and social view towards particular gender, language and symbols and others influences value system of an individual. It has influence on their decision-making ability, level of confidence and self-perception. Risk is an uncertain situation. Fear of unknown is the most common threat of people experiencing any kind of risk. Risk can be of two forms i.e. inner risk of an individual like low self esteem, low level of confidence, language diffi culty or lack of ability while outer risk can be risk of not getting proper education, recognition, risk from cultural and community life, risk from society and many others. â€Å"In the last decade, the focus has shifted from burnout to secondary traumatic stress due to the recognition of the specific challenges of working with traumatized individuals. Whether we are addressing the impact of working with others in general or those, who have been traumatized, research agrees that we have a responsibility to maintain our own health and wellness as counselors (Iliffe & Steed, 2000; Miller, 1998; Savicki & Cooley, 1982; Sexton, 1999; Sherman, 1996) (as cited in OHalloran and Linton 2000) People react to their adverse situations differently. Some people lose their ability to work or perform under stress or high risk situations. This influences their decision-making abilities and positive development. At the same time, some individuals react differently to stressful and risky situations.

Should be universal health care covarage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Should be universal health care covarage - Essay Example This universal health care is determined in three critical ways including: what services are covered, who is covered and how much cost is covered. The question arises, â€Å"should be universal health care coverage?† has a long heated debate. It is no more a secret that health care costs are far greater than any other costs and are also spiraling out of control I various countries. Countries are now spending more per person on health care as compared to housing and food. Insurance premiums are also increasing on a much faster pace than inflation. This in turn prevents economic growth and less money is left with businesses to hire more or raise the amount of workers. The following debate would now discuss whether a complete takeover by government of health care should be undertaken or not. A national database that is centralized should be developed which makes treatment and diagnosis easier and efficient for doctors. Doctors usually maintain their own record of patients in thei r offices. This is also one of the reasons why we have to fill out a lengthy form which has health records, whenever we visit a new doctor. This has several problems. For instance, it is wasteful in terms of both money and time. Secondly, patients may forget, lie or may not be able to describe problems precisely of the past. Whereas doctors require precise information to undertake a proper diagnosis of the patient. Therefore, a national system that is centralized would help us to do analysis of the data that once seemed impossible. This will further lead to increased diagnosis efficiency and medical advances. The main argument that arises because of the database that is centralized, is that some insurance providers may not provide coverage if they find some previous medical issues. By providing universal health care coverage, healing the patient would be more concentrated by medical professionals rather than on malpractice liability and insurance procedures etc. Doctors also need to practice medicine that is defensive in order to avoid getting sued. There are physicians that are also found to be leaving this profession as they have to handle all types of non-medical issues. A health system that is universal would also allow various nurses, doctors and other medical professionals to focus specifically on patients and matters relating to them that are most important. Our health care also has one of the biggest drawbacks, i.e. patients with a current or past medical condition like asthma or cancer are not able to gain health coverage in an affordable range. On the contrary, in case of universal health care, people are already healthy and those who take personal care will also be liable to pay for those who are obese and do smoking. It is because universal health care means that costs will be divided on all citizens regardless of their need for medical care and health. Those who have a proper diet plan, do not drink, do not smoke and do regular exercise have fewer health problems. Therefore universal health care should not be given as healthy people then question as to why they should be punished when they are already living their life in a healthy way. Health care systems that are universal vary from one government to the other and their involvement in providing health and care insurance. Universal health ca

A Lesson Before Dying Essay Example for Free

A Lesson Before Dying Essay The economic downturn of the past several years has been devastating to local economies and, by extension, their local law enforcement agencies. According to a report by the National Institute of Justice, the United States is currently experiencing the 10th economic decline since World War II (Wiseman 2011). The impact of this downturn will result in a change of how law enforcement services are delivered. As has been discussed by the COPS Office Director, Bernard Melekian, in a series of recent articles published in the Community Policing Dispatch, expectations will not be lowered just because an agency now has fewer officers, or because the budget is limited. Simply doing less while waiting for local budgets to recover to pre-2008 levels is not a viable option. Law enforcement leaders are faced with budget contractions that are in need to identified in different ways to deliver police services and, perhaps more importantly, articulate what the new public safety models will look like to their communities (Melekian 2011a). The effects of the economic downturn on law enforcement agencies may be felt for the next 5–10 years, or worse, permanently. These changes could be permanently driven not just by the economy, but by local government officials who determined that allocating 30–50 percent of their general fund budgets for public safety costs is no longer a fiscal possibility (Melekian 2011b). While it appears that the economy is beginning to recover on the national level, most economists agree that local jurisdictions are still in decline and will continue to be so, at least in the short term. Due to the decline of tax revenues because of Foreclosures County and municipal budgets tend lagging behind the general economy, which is one of the main source of funding for local agencies. Agencies are also faced with the budget realities, the current model for service delivery—which has been with us for the last 50 years—is already starting to change, and will be forced to continue to change dramatically and rapidly in the next 3–5 years. Police departments have been one of the affected by the current economic climate. Restricting revenues nationwide have forced local governments to make cuts in spending across the board, which has affected everything to include public safety operating budgets. However, while these budget cuts are threatening law enforcement jobs the responsibility to serve and protect remain. There has been no methodical way of measuring the effect the economic downturn has had on police agencies across our nation. A good example is how Nigeria has been experiencing difficulties in Budget implementation. The objective of the article was to present alternative forms of budgeting and after exposition on them, to recommend one that could mitigate budget implementation problem for Nigeria. Two types of budgeting addressed are incremental and zero-base. Under incremental budgeting, a certain percentage is added or subtracted from previous periods figures to arrive at new periods budget. Under zero bases, every program is reevaluated for its merits, as if previous budgets never existed. The starting points are the results hoped to achieve, and every debate about budget implementation is done prior to passage. Zero base budgeting is analogous to marketing concept in terms of information requirement and zeroing in on customized needs. To the extent that zero base budgeting plans, executes and controls, it serves as a management tool. Nigerias budgeting has been incremental, overly politicized and not carried out by experts, but merely based on benchmark price and quota of daily oil production. Factors militating against proper budgeting in Nigeria are distortions in fiscal transparency. Budget implementation in Nigeria is a critical problem. Many have blamed our poor socio-economic and infrastructural development on low degree of budget implementation, which is a result of incremental budgeting process. The paper therefore recommends zero based budgeting to Nigeria at all levels (GJSS, 2012). Sometimes inefficiencies result due to poor integration of the finance and strategy. Budgeting and performance are typically overseen by the finance department, whereas planning s coordinated by strategy department. Often, the two processes arent well integrated, resulting in strategies that are often dictated by the budget process instead of vice versa (Gary 2003). The reason for this could be that everyone involved may be attempting to accomplish the same goals, but also trying to make sure that the outcome will be beneficial to them, such as a substantial bonus or a reward. A budget cycle refers to the whole process from the commencement of developing a budget to the execution of the final charge on the budget. Since the majority of the budgets are prepared for a one year period, budget cycles cover the costs and expenditures for a period of one year. However, there are budget cycles that run for more than one year period. Government budgets have a budget cycle of at least 18 months from the conception of the various departments’ budgets to the time the appropriation bills are signed into law (Hyde, 2001). The initial steps of the budget cycle take place in the various departments and agencies. The program officers in the various departments compile all information that is necessary in the preparation of the budget. The budget cycle culminates with the president’s budget application to the Congress. This often takes place in February (USDOJ, 2011). A budget refers to a list of premeditated revenues and expenses. It represents a tool for savings and expenditure. A budget can also be defined as an organizational plan that is stated in monetary terms. It is used as a road map for conducting the activities, objectives, assumptions, and strategies of an organization. A budget cycle is comprised of various stages. Budget planning for the new fiscal year marks the first step of the budget cycle, while closing and carry forward activities mark the end of a budget cycle (Hyde, 2001). The steps outlined below are steps of a sample government’s budget cycle: Budget submissions: this entails the submission of the budget plans to the respective Budget Offers in various government departments. The budgets are reviewed and approved. Budget approval: this entails the executive committee approving the budget. The Initial Budget Authorizations are then submitted to the respective supervisors who address the respective cost items. Global Changes: the salaries are adjusted so that they reflect salary increases that are permitted by the Salary Subcommittee and the Human Resources Department. Closing: this entails the closure of the budgets at the end of the fiscal year. Carry forwards: it entails carrying forward all the unspent money to the following fiscal year. This marks the last step in the budget cycle. In most instances, law enforcement management prepares master budget for the coming year. The master budget includes the projected expenses and maintenance which is incorporated in the master budget and other smaller budgets such as training, overtime, marketing, administrative, and departmental budgets. By establishing an operating and financial budget for a future period, management can identify problems in advance. This can be maintained by forecasting for future predictions. A forecast is a reflection of the future. When forecasting is taken into account, two key aspects to consider are cash budgets and expenditure forecast. In most instances, budgets are and should be prepared for a future period such as an oncoming accounting or financial year. They are detailed by quarters or months. Typically, annual budgets are not altered once the year begins. However, budgets should not be rigid so as to prevent timely actions if need arises. Instead, budgets should only act as a guide rather than a restriction. However, there are rare circumstances when an annual budget should be revised such as due to a radical change in the business environment. Budgets are also important for obtaining funding since they portray an organization’s capacity to the lending institutions and financiers. Additionally, budgets are important management tools, they aid in setting milestones that need accountability to achieve, and aid an organization in identifying risks and establishing benchmarks. Thus, budgets facilitate the process of making adjustments to avoid risks, and to measure the benchmarks. Understanding the significance of budgeting marks the first step towards successful financial planning. It plays a significant role in the strategic planning process by an organization. It outlines the future financial goals and needs of an organization such as technological needs, overhead needs, financial requirements, and capital improvements. I have a very strong opinion that budgeting should not be scrapped, rather be modified to meet the current business environment. Organizations would have to restructure compensation programs so that managers no longer have an incentive to favors short-term goals over the longer-term. Budgeting will have to be flexible to be able to be adjusted from time to time to reflect changes in organizational goals and the economic environment. Again, accounting department should be responsible for compiling only budget information; they should not determine the budgeting process. Management, through the planning process should determine the budget, and all departments should be included in the process. Budgeting should be both top down and bottom up; i. e. upper level management and middle level management will both work to finalize a budget. We can streamline the budgeting process by developing a financial model. Financial models can facilitate what if analysis so we can assess decisions before they are made. This can dramatically improve the budgeting process. One of the biggest challenges within financial planning and budgeting is how do we make it value-added. Budgeting requires clear channels of communication, support from upper-level management, participation from various personnel, and predictive characteristics. Budgeting should not strive for accuracy, but should strive to support the decision making process. If we focus too much on accuracy, we will end-up with a budgeting process that incurs time and costs in excess of the benefits derived. The challenge is to make financial planning a value-added activity that helps the organization achieve its strategic goals and objectives. In order for department to compensate for dwindling budget, many law enforcement officer have had to learn how to focus on what can they can sacrifice from their normal lifestyle in order to offset the reduction in available spending. Some of these sacrifices have included families foregoing summer vacations, or shopping in discount stores instead of department stores they are accustomed too. However, today law enforcement agencies are faced with the difficult task of maintaining the same service that their communities expect despite the extreme reduction in available resources. And, in order for them to deliver the same high level of protection and emergency responsiveness that the communities depend on, law enforcement agencies must find new and inventive techniques to address those needs in cost-effective and maintainable way. Agencies must have a good understanding of how budgeting marks the first step towards successful financial planning. Budgeting has a significant role in the strategic planning process by any organization. It provides the framework for future financial goals and the needs of an organization such as technical equipment like laptops, radios, and side arms. It also shows the overhead needs, and departmental financial requirements. It can also outline the costs involved in order to get the resources that are required to meet their financial goals. Developing a budget is an important tool for determining the department’s performance, in motivating the upper-management, other members of staff, and measuring the results towards accomplishing the organization’s financial goal. References Gary, L (2003) Breaking the Budget Impasse. Pg 3, Retrieved September 30, 2013, Idio, U. S. (2012). THE BUDGET AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL: ZERO BASE BUDGETING, PANACEA TO BUDGET IMPLEMENTATION IN NIGERIA. Global Journal of Social Sciences, 11(1), 1-7. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/1036581432? accountid=32521 http://www. cops. usdoj. gov/files/RIC/Publications/e101113406_Economic%20Impact. pdf Melekian, B. , (2011a). Director’s Message. Community Policing Dispatch vol. 4, no. 3. http://cops. usdoj. gov/html/dispatch/03-2011/DirectorMessage. asp. Melekian, B. , (2011b). Director’s Column: July 2011. Community Policing Dispatch vol. 4, no. 7. http://cops. usdoj. gov/html/dispatch/07-2011/DirectorMessage. asp. Wiseman, J. , (2011). Strategic Cutback Management: Law Enforcement Leadership for Lean Times. Research for Practice, Washington, D. C. : U. S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, NCJ 232077.

Michelangelo Essay -- essays research papers

During the dates 1475-1564 there were many famous painters working all around the world. One of which was Michelangelo. He painted and sculpted many famous items that are still talked about today. Michelangelo led a very buisy life, as of which you will be reading about today. Michelangelo was born in 1475 in a small village of Caprese near Arezzo At the age of 13 michelangelo’s father Ludovico Buonarroti placed michelangelo in the workshop of the painter Domenico Ghirlandaio through connections with the ruling Medici family. About two years later michelangelo studied at the sculpture school in the Medici gardens. Shortly thereafter he was invited into the household of the Magnincent, Lorenzo de’Medici. Where he had an oppertunity to converse with younger Medici, which later became pope Leo X. As he was also introduced to humanists as Marsilio Ficino and the poet Politian, who were frequent visiters. By the age of 16 Michelangelo had produced two relief sculptures ,the battle of the Centaurs and the Madonna of the stairs, which showed that he had achieved a very personal style at a very early age. His patron Lorenzo died in 1492; two years later Michelangelo fled Florence,when the Medici were temporarily expelled. For a while he was settled in Bologna, where in 1494 and 1495 he sculpted several marble statuettes for the arca (shrine) di San Domenico. Michelangelo went to Rome, where he was able to examine many newly unearthed classical statues and ruins. He soon produced his first large sculpture the over life size Bacchus in 1496-1498. One of the few works of pagan rather than Christian subject made by the master, it rivaled ancient statuary, the highest mark of admiration in Renaissance Rome. At about the samr time period Michelangelo did the marble Pietà   in 1498. It was finished in 1500. It was one of the most famous works of art, the Pietà   was probubly finished before Michelangelo was 25 years old, and is the only piece of work he ever signed. In the piece the youthfull Mary is shown seated majestically, holding the dead Christ across her lap, it was a theme that was borrowed from northern European art. Instead of revealing extreme grief, Mary is restrained, and her expression is one of resignation. In this work, Michelangelo summerizes the sculptural innovations of his 15th-century predecessors such as Donatello, while ushering in the new monumentality... ...helangelo ultimately became responsible for the altar end of the building on the exterior and for the final form of its dome. The great Renaissance poet Ludovico Ariosto wrote succinctly of this famous artist: â€Å"Michael more than mortal, divine angel.† Indeed, Michelangelo was widely awarded the epithet â€Å"divine† because of his extraordinary accomplishments. Two generations of Italian painters and sculptures were impressed by his treatment of the human figure: Raphael, Annibale Carracci, Jacopo da pontormo, Rosso Fiorentino, Sebastiano del Piombo, and Titan. His dome for Saint Peter’s became the symbol of authority, as well as the model, for domes all over the Western world; the majorityof state capitol buildingsin the united states, as well as the Capitol building in Washington D.C., are dirived from it. Michelangelo died in 1564 and his body was placed in a fine monument in the church of Santa Croce. To conclude, Michelangelo led a long and very talented life. As a painter sculpture, poet and architect. He has many famous pieces of work still known and talked about today, all around the world. Many people knew him and loved him and those who didn’t know him personaly, knew of him.

Functional Skills †Literacy Letter Writing Essay

I belong to a group called ‘Community Concern’. We as a group provide volunteers for community projects. I have recently seen the advert in the local paper about the old bus station being redeveloped and our group have all decided that we would like to volunteer to clean up the area before the work starts We have a lot of our own equipment, and we do supply things for this such as; Gardening equipment; †¢ Shovels †¢ Lawn movers †¢ Chainsaws †¢ Rakes †¢ Garden Forks †¢ Hedge trimmers and †¢ Leaf blowers General equipment; †¢ Buckets †¢ Yard brushes †¢ Paint †¢ Litter Pickers †¢ Gloves However, although we do provide this equipment there is on vital thing that we may need from the local council and that is a skip to put all the waste materials into once we’re done with it. I feel that this would be something we could discuss at a later time. Our group Community Concern are committed to improving the appearance of the local area and we feel that this project will strengthen the community and maybe even bring new people into the local area. Our Volunteers take pride in the work that they complete and are an asset to the group. They have completed a number of renovation projects over the years, the most recent being the re-decoration of the leisure centre a few weeks ago. I would like to thank you from all of us at Community Concern for taking the time to read this letter. And will leave you with our contact number in the hope that it would be possible to set up a meeting to discuss all the issues I have brought up today and hopefully to finalise some details and start planning the work!

Klemens Von Metternich - 2477 Words

KLEMENS VON METTERNICH Statesman; born at Coblenz, 15 May, 1773; died at Vienna, 11 June, 1859; son of Count Georg, Austrian envoy of the Court of Vienna at Coblenz, and Maria Beatrix, nà ©e Countess von Kageneck. He studied philosophy at the University of Strasburg, and law and diplomacy at Mainz. A journey to England completed his education. Metternich began his public career in 1801 as Austrian ambassador to the Court of Dresden. Though he had for several years prepared himself for a diplomatic career, he was especially fortunate in being immediately appointed to so prominent a position. Only two years later he was made ambassador to Berlin. The emperor considered it very important to have a minister at Berlin who could gain the†¦show more content†¦Napoleon raged, threatened, and leaped up like a chafed lion. Metternich remained calm. Napoleon let his hat, which he was holding under his arm, drop to the floor. Metternich did not stoop to pick it up. The emperor also tried persuasion. Your sovereigns, he said, who were born to their thrones cannot comprehend the feelings that move me. To them it is nothing to return to their capitals defeated. But I am a soldier. I need honour and glory. I cannot reappear among my people devoid of prestige. I must remain great, admired, covered with glory. For that reason, he said, he could not accept the proposed conditions of peace. Metternich replied, But when will this condition of things cease, in which defeat and victory are alike reasons for continuing these dismal wars? If victorious, you insist upon the fruits of your victory; if defeated, you are determined to rise again. Napoleon made various offers for Austrias neutrality, but Metternich declined all bargaining, and Napoleons oft-repeated threat, We shall meet in Vienna, was his farewell to Metternich. Metternich gave the signal for war, and Schwarzenberg led the decisive battle of Leipzig. The Emperor Francis raised his beloved Count Metternich to the rank of Austrian prince. Your able efforts in conducting the department with which I entrusted you in difficult times are now, at a moment highly decisive in the worlds destiny,Show MoreRelatedPrince Klemens von Met ternich and Prince Otto von Bismarck Essay2472 Words   |  10 PagesPrince Klemens von Metternich and Prince Otto von Bismarck can be compared to the dual sides of a Deutsche Mark, a Deutsche Mark that has sported different faces when repeatedly tossed over the years. After 1871, the Prussian-friendly German historians hailed Bismarck as the national hero who had united Germany while Metternich was deemed a failure. Then after the loss of the two world wars, the coin was again flipped, and Bismarck was seen as a bloodthirsty power monger while Metternich still carriedRead MoreTwo Sides of the Same Mark: Bismarck and Metternich Essay599 Words   |  3 PagesPrince Otto von Bismarck and Prince Klemens von Metternich can be compared to the dual sides of a German Mark. A German Mark that has sported different faces when repeatedly tossed over the years. After 1871, the Prussian-friendly German historians hailed Bismarck as the national hero, who had united Germany while Metternich w as deemed a failure. Then after the loss of the two world wars, the coin sides were flipped and Bismarck was seen as a bloodthirsty power monger while Metternich was hailed asRead MoreThe Triumph of the Congress of Vienna Essay987 Words   |  4 Pagesthe foreign minister of Austria, Prince Klemens von Metternich (Beck, 238). An additional great influential representative was the French foreign minister Prince Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand, who was sent behalf of the French monarchy (Mikaberidze, 1047). The Congress of Vienna played an important role of creating peace in the European continent after the Napoleonic War, with two significant foreign ministers of two nations, Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria and Prince Charles-Maurice deRead MoreThe Congress of Vienna1774 Words   |  8 Pagesterritories conquered by Napoleon I. In the end, the congress was very successful in achieving its goal, for the peace in Europe went uninterrupted for almost 40 years. The key people d uring the congress of Vienna were Prince Klemens von Metternich, Alexander I, Prince Karl August von Hardenberg, and Lord Casltereagh. It was initially decided that France, Spain and other small powers would not have a say in making significant decisions. However, through the efforts of the sneaky French diplomat, CharlesRead MoreRevolutions of 18481055 Words   |  5 Pagesunemployed workers sought to overthrow the government. This led to three days of bloodshed in Paris, which is now known as the June Days, when thousands of Frenchmen lost their lives as the army restored order to the city.(4) Just as Prince Klemens von Metternich pointed out, the infection of revolution spread from France, causing further revolts. Soon after the French, other countries took up the torch of revolution and carried it until either they were defeated and suppressed, or they were successfulRead MoreThe Impact Nationalism in Italy and the Austrian Empire790 Words   |  4 Pageswas a previously unstable country that was caught in a period of relative stability. These thirty-five years were referred to as The Age of Metternich. For many of the same reasons, there was a nationalistic movement calling for the unification of Austria. In March 1848, revolution erupted in Vienna, forcing Austria s Chancellor Klemens von Metternich to flee the capital. At the same time, unrest broke out in Hungary. The Vienna government enlisted the minorities in the first attempt to overthrowRead MoreDiscuss How Nationalism Spread Across Europe with Napoleon but Was Repressed for a Generation Under the Congress of Vienna and Concert of Europe Until the Revolutions of 1848876 Words   |  4 Pagesin Europe. It was scheduled to last four weeks but went on for eight months. The most influential member of this group was the foreign minister of Austria, Prince Klemens von Metternich. Like most European aristocrats, he disagreed with what he felt were Napoleon’s experiments with democracy in the French Revolution. Metternich had three goals at the Congress of Vienna. First he wanted to surround France with strong countries to prevent further aggression by them. Second he wanted to restoreRead MoreNapoleon Bonaparte And The Reign Of Terror792 Words   |  4 Pages legitimacy, and nationalism. Equally important, an example would be how Klemens von Metternich focused upon maintaining his three goals which contributed towards the French Revolution with regard to raising the French economy and relationships with other nations. Also, Metternich gave back the power Napoleon gained to it’s rightful representatives such as families of Spain and Italy. To elaborate, the reason why Metternich took this decision was based off of his third goal which was to maintainRead MoreChapter 21: Reaction, Revolution and Romanticism 1815-1850845 Words   |  4 PagesFrance in the person of Louis XVIII and agreed to meet at a congress in Vienna in September 1814 to arrange a final peace settlement. II. The leader of the Congress of Vienna was the Austrian foreign minister, Prince Klemens von Metternich. The Principle of Legitimacy I. Metternich claimed that he was guided at Vienna by the principle of legitimacy. B. To reestablish peace and stability in Europe, he considered it necessary to restore the legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditionalRead MoreSpread Of Nationalism Throughout Europe1505 Words   |  7 PagesPowers in the Congress of Vienna. European monarchs from Austria, England, France, Prussia, and Russia met in the Congress of Vienna to establish peace, bring back â€Å"legitimate† governments and restore the Old Regime. Austrian Foreign Minister, Klemens von Metternich was the leader. He opposed democracy and nationalism and proposed principles of compensation and legitimacy. They decided to reward Napoleon’s enemies for the land taken and restored pre-Napoleon rulers. For instance, they restored the House

Crime and Hand Unemployment Rate - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 20 Words: 5989 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/12 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION Crime is an offense against the values system of a social and has always plagued every society in human history. It is a wrongdoing classified by the state or the parliament of the country or law of the land. The cost and effect of crime vary among the various segments of the population and touch almost everyone by some degree in general as the economic growth and development of countries changes. There is no doubt that crime conflicts enormous monetary and physiological cost on society. Many contemporary macro-level theories of criminal behavior and empirical studies pf crime rates address the relationship between economic factor and crime. Relationship between economic circumstances such as wage inflation and unemployment to criminal activity is the main subject matter of this study. Wage inflation and unemployment taken as predictors of crime rates. Unemployment and inflation are two intricately linked economic concept. In economics, inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time and it is also erosion in the purchasing power of money. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Crime and Hand Unemployment Rate" essay for you Create order And unemployment occurs when a person is able to and willing to work but currently without work. Unemployment is usually measured using the unemployment rate which is defined as the percentage of those in the labor for who are unemployed. One causes of unemployment is inflation. Over the years there has been a number of economists trying to interpret the relationship between the concepts of inflation and unemployment. This relationship is also known as the Phillips curve. Phillips curve is an inverse relationship between rate of unemployment and rate of increase in money wages. The higher the rate of unemployment, the lower the rate of wage inflation. In other words, there is a tradeoff between wage inflation and unemployment lead to a problem that individual do such a thing just to endure it. It means that if you are unemployed you will do anything to earn and to survive for everyday living. For this, some people tend to commit crimes especially crime against property. It is a common observation of many countries that unemployment rates and all crime rates are positively associated but negatively in the wage inflation. It is more continues issue within this association means that unemployment causes crime. The determining factor for crime rates are wage inflation and unemployment. When inflation occurs, many people are employed that result to a lowest possible crime rates. But as unemployment occurs, there is a wage deflation that’s why people are committing different criminal activities. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The National Capital Region (NCR) is the center of Luzon, also called as Metro Manila, is often and considered as the political, economic, social and cultural center of Philippines. It is subdivided into 17 local government area- 16 cities and is municipalities. Metro Manila is composed of almost all the cultural groups of the Philippines. The principal Language used is tagalong with English as the secondary language. Metro Manila is considered the country’s premiers business region with adequate facilities and services in transportation, housing and commercial infrastructure, communication, power supply and recreational facilities. It has world-class malls and commercial center. Its total land area of 6, 3610 sq. m includes residential, industrial, institutional and agricultural areas and unclassified public forests. In 2000, the regions population was 10, 492,000 which increases to more than 13 million during daytime due to a large workforce residing in the area residing in the area adjoining the metropolis but working in the city. In the national capital region crime perceived as one of the problem in the area. Crime offers a way in which improvished p eople can obtain material goods that they cannot attain through legitimate means. Crime has been with us from the very beginning, it has never cease the disturb mens living together. The overriding determining factor for crime rates are inflation and unemployment rate. In the other hand unemployment rate increased in the eight regions, with NCR recording the highest increase. NCR unemployment rate increase from 19. 7% up to 22. 5% a year ago. Same as there’s an increased in the inflation of NCR from 144 to 148. 4% and last the index crime rate of NCR rose from the 80. 2% up to 81. 9% by the year of 2008. Inflation destroys the value of money. We work for money so in effect money represents our labor. When the money we work for destroyed through no fault of our own, all the work or labor we put forth to earn, the money also destroyed. When unemployment occurs people are being rubbed of their labor and feel that a wrong has been committed against them. Under such circumstances people are much more likely to commit wrong against other people which cause crime rates to rise. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The main objective of this research study is to analyze and determine the effect of inflation and unemployment rate on index crime rate, case of National Capital Region by year 1989-2008. The specific objectives of the study also focus on the following areas; * Determine how wage inflation affect unemployment rate * To estimate the impact of economic variables on the recorded crime rate. * To use important policy making on assessment purposes * Aims to provide information advice and guidance toward implementation of policies which can genuinely reduce the inflation rate especially the wage inflation and unemployment as well as index crime rate. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The following theories will provide the idea regarding the subject matter of the study. These theories are the Philips curve and rational choice theory. Philips curve was proposed by A. W. Philips, it was established by year 1958; is an inverse relationship between the rate of unemployment and the rate of increase in money wages. The higher the rate of unemployment, the lower the rate of wage inflation. In other words, there is a trade-off between wage inflation and unemployment. The Philips curve shows that the rate of wage inflation decreases with the employment rate. Letting Wtbe the wage this period, Wt+1 be the wage next period. The rate of wage inflation, Gw, is define as: Gw= Wt+1-WtWt Wages will start rising, pricing too will rise and eventually the economy will return to the full employment level of output and unemployment. This point can be readily seen by rewriting the equation, using the definition of rate of wage inflation, in order to look at the levels of wage today relative to the past level. Rational Choice Theory is an approach used by social scientists to understand human behavior. The approach has long been the dominant paradigm in economics, but in recent decades it has become more widely used in other disciplines such as Sociology, Political Science, and Anthropology. This spread of the rational choice approach beyond conventional economic issues is discussed by Becker (1976), Radnitzky and Bernholz (1987), Hogarth and Reder (1987), Swedberg (1990), and Green and Shapiro (1996). Rational choice theory, also known as  choice theory  or  rational action theory, is a framework for understanding and often  formally modeling social and economic behavior  It is the main theoretical  paradigm  in the currently-dominant school of  microeconomics. Rationality (wanting more rather than less of a good) is widely used as an assumption of the behavior of individuals in microeconomic models and analysis and appears in almost all economics textbook treatments of human decision-making. It is also central to some of modern  political science  and is used by some scholars in other disciplines such as  sociology and  philosophy. It is the same as  instrumental rationality, which involves seeking the most cost-effective means to achieve a specific goal without reflecting on the worthiness of that goal. Gary Becker  was an early proponent of applying rational actor models more widely. He won the 1992  Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences  for his studies of discrimination, crime, and  human capital. The rationality described by rational choice theory is different from the colloquial and most philosophical uses of the word. For most people, rationality means sane, in a thoughtful clear headed manner, or knowing and doing whats healthy in the long term. Rational choice theory uses a specific and narrower definition of rationality simply to mean that an individual acts  as if  balancing costs against benefits to arrive at action that maximizes personal advantage. ]  For example, this may involve kissing someone, cheating on a test, using cocaine, or murdering someone. In rational choice theory, all decisions, crazy or sane, are postulated as mimicking such a rational process. The practitioners of strict rational choice theory never investigate the origins, nature, or validity of human motivations (why we want what we want) but instead restrict themselves to examining the expression of  given  and inexplicable wants in specific social or economic environments. That is, they do not examine the biological, psychological, and sociological roots that make people see the  benefits  encouraging them to kiss another, cheat on a test, use cocaine, or murder someone. Instead, all that is relevant are the costs of doing so which for crimes, reflects the chance of being caught. In rational choice theory, these costs are only  extrinsic  or external to the individual rather than being  intrinsic  or internal. That is, strict rational choice theory would not see a criminals self-punishment by inner feelings of remorse, guilt, or shame as relevant to determining the costs of committing a crime. In general, rational choice theory does not address the role of an individuals sense of morals or ethics in decision-making. Because rational choice theory lacks understanding of consumer motivation, some economists restrict its use to understanding business behavior where goals are usually very clear. Although models used in rational choice theory are diverse, all assume individuals choose the best action according to unchanging and stable preference  functions and constraints facing them. Most models have additional assumptions. However, it may not be possible to empirically test or falsify the rationality assumption, so that the theory leans heavily toward being a  tautology  (true by definition) since there is no effort to explain individual goals. Nonetheless,  empirical  tests can be conducted on some of the results derived from the models. In recent years the theoretical vision of rational choice theory has been subject to more and more doubt by the experimental results of  behavioral economics. This criticism has encouraged many social scientists to utilize concepts of  bounded rationality  to replace the absolute rationality of rational choice theory: this points to the difficulties of data-processing and decision-making associated with many choices in economics, political science, and sociology. More economists these days are learning from other fields, such as  psychology, in order to get a more accurate view of human decision-making than offered by rational choice theory. Because of the relative success of economics at understanding markets, rational choice theory has also become increasingly employed in  social sciences  other than  economics, such as  sociology  and political science in recent decades. It has had far-reaching impacts on the study of  political science, especially in fields like the study of interest groups, elections, behavior in legislatures, coalitions, and  bureaucracy. Models that rely on rational choice theory often adopt  methodological individualism, the assumption that social situations or collective behaviors are the result of individual actions alone, with no role for larger institutions.. The poor fit between this and sociological conceptions of social situations partially explains the theorys limited use in  sociology. Among other things, sociologys emphasis on the determination of individual tastes and perspectives by social institutions conflicts with rational choice theorys assumption that our tastes and perspectives are given and inexplicable. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The conceptual framework discussed the flow of the study to be taken. This study used the closed-system approached the system of three-frame is composed of input, which went through the process or operation and merged as the output. The first frame is the input that contains the determinants which are the inflation rate and unemployment rate as an independent variable. We consider these two variables as our determinants because when inflation occurs money losses value it much harder for individuals to survive and the work they put into earnings the money is abused and destroyed. Inflation is an side effect of inflation is that it causes citizens to act towards each other causing high crime rate. That is why we consider the index crime rate as our dependent variable. The second frame is the process which contains the method to be used by researcher the multiple regression analysis. This method will serve as a statistical technique that shows the individual effects of several explanatory variables as a single variable. The third frame is the output. It contains the possible outcome of the study s a result of the process that was done by the researcher which is the effect of inflation and unemployment rate on index crime rate. Figure 1 FEEDBACK The arrow includes the workflow of information in the research paper. The feedback loop connects the input to process included as well as to the output and it made the system continuous. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This research study aims to determine the effect of inflation and unemployment rate on index crime rate, case of National Capital Region by year 1989-2008. The research seeks the possible foundation of the research problem and it could establish by the following questions: 1. What are the two key determinants that can affect index crime rate? 1. 1 inflation 2. 1. 1 wage inflation 2. 1 unemployment 2. How does wage inflation affect unemployment rate? 3. What is the impact of inflation and unemployment rate on index crime rate? 4. Is there any significant relationship between inflation and unemployment rate with crime rate on the National Capital Region by the year 1989-2008? HYPOTHESIS There is no significant relationship between inflation and unemployment. * There is significant effect between unemployment rate and index crime rate on National Capital Region by year 1989-2008. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The researcher carried out the studies of the relationship between economic conditions such as inflation and unemployment as predictors of crime rate. The study on crime has generated a substantial volume of literate. The economics profes sion has analyzed the determinants of criminal behavior from both the theoretical and the empirical points of view. This research study will try to make out something credible which goes with our topic about effect of inflation and unemployment rate to index crime rate. The works fits within a growing economic literature on crime and give contribution that shed light on this particular study. We as a researcher will gather some data to analyze this particular topic and will try to find out better solutions that others can rely on. This study is anticipated to contribute additional information to serve the following individuals and organizations. Individual as well as the society especially residents of the National Capital Region will be benefited from this research study because through this they will become more aware that some economic problems breeds a misery such as crime. Policy maker will gain something from this study because it could be utilized as a basis for adoption measures that would be able to reduce inflation rate, unemployment rate and index crime rate especially the crime against property such as robbery and theft. It is recommended that policy maker should focus on the stabilization of the economy because it has significant influence on the variation of crime rate. This study will also create a contribution to economic students relevant into on how the government seek some investigation about this economic problem. Other researchers will also be benefited by this study because it can be an effective tool and reference for them which could attempt to make any further relevant study particularly the present and future economist. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS The focus of the study is to determine the effect of wage inflation and unemployment rate on index crime rate. The conducting area of the study will be the National Capital Region (NCR) covering the period of 1989-2008. Only limited number of potential influences on crime is be qualified so that not all influencing factors can be addressed since the study formulated a statistical model. The study makes use of time series observation. The study will be using secondary data which gives an accurate data measuring the two economic circumstances such as real wage and unemployment together with crime. By the use of real wage data, we can get the wage inflation. Data will be base on the Philippine Statistical Yearbook, publications of the National Statistical Coordination Board and from the National Statistics Office. Accurate and reliable resources are the things that the researcher will need and use to have a credible and informative research study DEFINITION OF TERMS Crime   is the breach of rules or  laws  for which some  governing authority  (via mechanisms such as  legal systems) can ultimately prescribe a  conviction. Individual human societies may each define crime and crimes differently. While every crime violates the law, not every violation of the law counts as a crime; for example: breaches  and of other  civil law  may rank as offences or as infractions. Modern societies generally regard crimes as offenses against the public or the state, distinguished from  torts  (offenses against private parties that can give rise to a civil cause of action). https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Crime Crime rate  is the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 population per year. https://www. thefreedictionary. com/crime+rate Index crimes are those violations of the penal code considered to have socio-economic significance, and occur with sufficient regularity to be meaningful. These include crime vs. person (murder, homicide, physical injury and rape), and crime vs. property ( robbery and theft). All other crimes are classified as non-index crime. Inflation  is a rise in the general  level of prices  of goods and services in an  economy  over a period of time. When the price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation is also erosion in the  purchasing power  of money – a loss of real value in the internal medium of exchange and unit of account in the economy. Inflation rate is a chief measure of price inflation, the annualized percentage change in a general  price index  (normally the  Consumer Price Index) over time. Phillips curve is a historical inverse relationship between the rate of  unemployment  and the rate of  inflation  in an economy. Stated simply, the lower the unemployment in an economy, the higher the rate of  inflation. While it has been observed that there is a stable short run tradeoff between unemployment and inflation, this has not been observed in the long run. Wage  is compensation, usually financial, received by workers  in exchange  for their  labor. Compensation in terms of wages is given to  workers  and compensation in terms of  salary  is given to  employees. Wage Rate is the rate  of  pay  based on  per  unit  of  production  or per  period of work time on the  job. Real wages  refers to wages that have been adjusted for  inflation. This term is used in contrast to  nominal  wages or unadjusted wages. Unemployment  occurs when a person is able and willing to work but currently without  work. The prevalence of unemployment is usually measured using the unemployment rate, which is defined as the percentage of those in the  labor force  who are unemployed. Unemployment rate is the percentage of  the total  labor force  that  is unemployed but actively seeking employment and willing to work. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE STUDIES This chapter provides deeper understanding of the effect of inflation and unemployment rate on index crime rate. Using related literature and studies, researchers will have a better insights and perspective towards the existing problem. FOREIGN LITERATURE The literature on Economics of Crime sprang from the seminal contribution by Becker (1968) and Ehrlich (1973). In 1968, Becker presented a paper which changed the way of thinking about criminal behaviour. He was the one who built first model of criminal choice stressing that â€Å"some individuals become criminals because of the financial and other rewards from crime compared to legal work, taking account of the likelihood of apprehension and conviction, and the severity of punishment. † The Becker’s paper opened the door to a new field of empirical research whose main purpose was to verify and study the socioeconomic variables that affect crime. Numerous subsequent empirical papers have attempted to test the predictions of the Becker-Ehrlich model, and to find out whether the magnitude of the unemployment effect is quantitatively important. The hallmark of this literature is its failure to reach consensus as to whether higher levels of unemployment lead to a greater incidence of crime. In a survey of the literature, Box (1987) reports 35 reliable studies on the topic, 20 of which find a positive relationship between unemployment and crime, with the remainder unable to find any such relationship. Steven D. Levitt, author of the best-selling book â€Å"Freakonomics,† provides insight on the reasons for the decline in crime in his article, â€Å"Understanding Why Crime Fell in the 1990s: Four Factors that Explain the Decline and Six that Do Not. He agrees with Becker that improvements in labor market opportunities have a relevant impact on crime when there is a financial incentive to commit. He adds that a â€Å"one percent increase in the unemployment rate accounts for a one percent increase in property crimes,† indicating the common use of a double-log regression in past research. However, he does impress upon the reader that increased spending on police and prisons through state and local government budgets is where the economy has the most impact on crime. What appears to have no effect on the decline in crime is the threat of execution and increased gun control laws. He shows in his research that the four factors that do explain the decline are the increase in police force, in prison populations, in the crack epidemic, and the controversial legalization of abortion. The economics of crime interacts with different and heterogeneous fields, i. e. (Sociology, Criminology, Psychology, Geography and Demography) and it is closely related to poverty, social exclusion, wage and income inequality, cultural and family background, level of education and other economic and socio-demographic factors that may affect an individual’s propensity to commit crime such as age, gender and urbanization. Economics of crime has become a new field of investigation, particularly due to the fact that there has been a rapid increase in criminal activities in various western and eastern countries of the world. There is a vast amount of literature available on the relationship between crime and their major determinants in countries like United States, United Kingdom, Germany and Italy. Some studies are also conducted which have analyzed the determinants of crime in Latin American countries such as Colombia and Argentina, e. g. Buohanno (2003). Much research up to now has concluded that violent crime, as opposed to burglary and theft, is pro-cyclical, or higher in good times. This aggregate picture can arise if other crime-driving influences are disregarded. One prime candidate is alcohol consumption, which is higher in good times, but on the other hand is a hefty determinant of all sorts of crime rates. And there are other ‘omitted variables’ that have to be taken into account when analyzing overall crime figures. One is the interaction between crime and joblessness, for the former can also cause the latter. This is a result of what the authors call the ‘scarring effects effect of incarceration or a greater reluctance among the criminally initiated to accept legitimate employment†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the authors properly take care of these statistical problems, they find a positive impact of unemployment on property crime as well as violent crime. LOCAL LITERATURE Despite some improvement in law and order, crime remained a major problem through the end of the 1980s. Police attributed the countrys chronic crime problems to a variety of social and cultural factors. Widespread poverty and rapid population growth were frequently cited. Population pressures and a shortage of land and jobs in rural areas had produced a steady internal migration to the cities. This urbanization of a traditionally agrarian society was commonly mentioned as cause for increased crime rates. According to the police, the incidence of serious crime escalated through the early 1980s, from approximately 250 crimes per 100,000 population in 1979, to a sustained level of around 310 during 1984 through 1987, then declined in 1988 and 1989. In 1988 the crime rate dipped below 300 crimes per 100,000 people, then fell dramatically in 1989 to 251 crimes per 100,000 citizens. Because of differing reporting practices and degrees of coverage, it was difficult to compare Philippine crime rates to those of other countries. Government officials attributed the decrease in crime to improved police work, but economic conditions appeared to be as important. The deterioration in law and order during the early and mid-1980s accompanied a steadily worsening economy, whereas the improvement in the late 1980s paralleled renewed economic growth under Aquino. Not surprisingly, crime rates were highest in major urban areas, where unemployment was the highest. Regionally, peninsular southern Luzon, the western Visayan islands, and portions of Mindanaoimpoverished rural areas where insurgents were activehad the most criminal activity in the mid-1980s. . FOREIGN STUDIES A Discussion Paper published for the Centre for Economic Policy Research by two economists, Steven Raphael of the University of California at San Diego and Rudolf Winter-Ebmer of the University of Linz, finds support for the view held by most people that when they are out of a job they are more likely to steal because the risks seem more worthwhile. The writers find a significant positive, but also quantitatively large, impact of unemployment on several crime categories. A study by the Heritage Foundation found that â€Å"For every 1 percent increase in civilian labor force participation, violent crime is expected to decrease by 8. 8 incidents per 100,000† people. In other words, when more people are employed, violent crimes decrease. A survey by the Bureau of Justice Statistics reported that 33 percent of state prisoners and 26 percent of federal prisoners in 1991 were unemployed at the time of their arrest. Researchers who reviewed crime and unemployment rates from 1979 to 1993 fount that the unemployment rate of non college-educated men was responsible for 24 percent of the total increase in property crime and 8 percent of the increase in violent crime during this time period. Much research up to now has concluded that violent crime, as opposed to burglary and theft, is pro-cyclical, or higher in good times. This aggregate picture can arise if other crime-driving influences are disregarded. One prime candidate is alcohol consumption, which is higher in good times, but on the other hand is a hefty determinant of all sorts of crime rates. And there are other ‘omitted variables’ that have to be taken into account when analyzing overall crime figures. One is the interaction between crime and joblessness, for the former can also cause the latter. This is a result of what the authors call the ‘scarring effects effect of incarceration or a greater reluctance among the criminally initiated to accept legitimate employment†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the authors properly take care of these statistical problems, they find a positive impact of unemployment on property crime as well as violent crime. The statistics used for the study are taken from the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports across the US from 1970 to 1993. They are then broken down according to types of crime and adjusted for poverty and demographic components. The authors note that in a later period, 1992 to 1996, a period when unemployment was falling, there was a dramatic fall in all types of crime. . The authors conclude that if there were improved job prospects for jobless workers, particularly in inner cities, further declines in crime rates would be achieved. Fleisher (1966) studied the role of income on the decision to commit criminal acts by individuals. The author stated that the principal theoretical reason for believing that low income increases the tendency to commit crime is that the probable cost of getting caught is relatively low. It is because of the reason that low income individuals view their legitimate lifetime earning prospects dismally they may expect to lose relatively little earning potential by acquiring criminal records. They feel that not only legitimate earnings are ‘low’ but also the opportunity cost of time actually spent in delinquent activity, or in jail, is low. Becker (1968) presented a model based on costs and benefits. His approach was formed from the usual analysis of the expected utility; that persons will commit crime or offence if they presume that their utility will be greater than if they used their time and resources in some other activity. Ehrlich (1973) considers that unemployment has its effects on crime rate. He says that unemployment rate can be viewed as a complementary indicator of income opportunities available in the legal labour market. Therefore, when unemployment rate increases, the opportunities in the legal sector decrease leading individuals to involve in criminal activities. Fajnzylber et al. (2002) using simple correlations, OLS regressions anddynamic Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) for panel data show that both income inequality and crime rate are positively related. Lee (2002) examines the relationship between labour market conditions and various crime series in three Asia-Pacific countries, Australia, Japan and South Korea. Johansen maximum likelihood cointegration and Granger causality tests were applied to time series data to see the existence of longrun equilibrium or a causal link between unemployment and crime variables. The results of the study rovide a strong support for a long-run equilibrium relationship between unemployment and various crime series. Coomer Nicole (2003) undertook a study to examine the influence of macroeconomic factors on crime. He applied OLS regression to find out the results. In his analysis, he first included unemployment, poverty, prison population, high school and college education level and income disparities as independent variables and run the regression to get the relationship. He then dropped the insignificant variables and rerun the regression and found that unemployment, inflation and poverty influence crime positively. Gumus (2004) uses large US city data to empirically investigate the determinants of crime in urban areas using OLS regression technique. The results indicate that income inequality, per capita income, and presence of black population are all important determinants of crime in urban areas. Unemployment rate and police expenditures have also important effect in the determination of crime. Teles (2004) investigate the effects of macroeconomic policies on crime. He points out that monetary and fiscal policy have an impact on crime. His results show that fiscal policies affect crime through government spending and monetary policy affects crime through inflation. LOCAL STUDIES The Philippines, being a developing country, is not exempted from occurrences of crimes. Newspapers and television news updates are loaded with all sorts of â€Å"misbehavior†: murder, rape, theft, robbery and others. Crime volume is the number of crime incidents per 100,000 population. Total Crime volume for the last four years has been fluctuating. It registered 80,108 in 2000, 76,991 in 2001, 85,776 in 2002 and 83,704 in 2003. For the period January to November 2004, the total crime volume registered is 8. 5% lower compared with the same period last year. Out of the total crime volume, 55% are index crimes and the rest are non index crimes. In terms of crime rate, the 7. 84 crime rate per 100,000 population for January to November 2004 reflected a decrease of 10. 2% compared with the 8. 73 crime rate for the same period in 2003. There is also a decrease of 1. 3% in the overall crime solution efficiency, from 91. 19% in January to November 2003 to 90% in January to November of 2004. Total crime volume was highest in the National Capital Region (NCR) comprising 23. % of the total crime volume nationwide. Crimes in the metropolitan area were prevalent in the highly urbanized cities of Quezon, Manila and Caloocan. Index crime volume from January to November of 2004 was recorded at 39,400. This year it is 39,126 which shows a 0. 70% reduction. Among the classification of index crimes, 57% are crimes against per sons and 43% are crimes against property. Among the 17 regions, NCR registered the highest index crime volume. Index crimes (murder, homicide, physical injuries, rape, robbery and theft) were widespread in Quezon City, Manila and Caloocan City. The theft volume last year was figured at 9,033, while this year it exhibited an upsurge to 9,892 incidents of an increase of 9. 5%. For the same period, non-index crimes reduced by 16. 5% compared with last year. Among the regions NCR registered the highest in Quezon City, Caloocan and Manila. Many authorities in the field of criminal justice say that poverty is a major cause of crime. This is not of course to say that it follows that a person who wallows in wealth cannot be a criminal. Many crimes are committed even by the rich. Furthermore, many people mired in poverty, have remained respectable and exemplary citizens. It is evident that poverty Per Se is not the only reason or cause but it is a major predispositive factor. Nonetheless, the problem of massive poverty is the primary breeding ground or root cause of crime in countries similarly situated as the Philippines. Its concomitant deprivations and hardships are unemployment, underemployment, low income and productivity, malnutrition, big families, rapid population growth rates, and low standard of living. Crime rate appears to be notably higher in poorer neighbourhoods and in areas with high population density, deteriorated living conditions and unemployment problems. People resort to crimes on the street to alleviate or escape from their miseries and frustrations or to answer a need. Illustrative examples are parents who sell their children to paedophiles or a father who resorts to robbery just so he could buy medicine for his sick son. The urban poor are also plagued by among others, the high cost of living, financial difficulties, unstable jobs, lack of capital, limited educational opportunities, inadequate health and sanitation, and inadequate housing. National and local government planners and implementers therefore face increasing demands for urban services like public transportation, garbage collection, piped water, electricity, schools, health and transportation. A deterioration of living conditions in urban areas has produced its share of crime, juvenile delinquency, drug addiction, prostitution, mental illness, physical disability, suicides, family and personal disorganization, environmental degradation, pollution, garbage and sewerage disposals, and traffic jams and congestion. CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY RESEARCH DESIGN This research employed the descriptive approach in the study which according to Zulueta , et all. Focus at the present conditions in order to find new truth such as increased quantity or knowledge, a new â€Å"law†, increased insights into factors which are operating the discovery of more accurate formulation of the problem to be solved. As emphasized by John Best (1990) the descriptive method is concerned with the condition on relationships that exists; practices that prevail; beliefs, points of view are attitudes that are held; processes that are developing. The descriptive method was used to describe and analyze the obtained data. SOURCES OF DATA The researcher made used of data gathered from National Statistics Office (NSO) National Statistics Coordination Board (NSCB) TREATMENT OF DATA The data to be gathered will be presented in tabular and graphical forms to be supported by statistical techniques. STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA CREATING EVALUATING REGRESSION MODEL CR= ? 0+? 1UE+ ? 2WI+? WHERE: CR= crime rate UE= unemployment rate WI= wage inflation ?=error HYPOTHESIS TESTING TEST OF OVERALL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE REGRESSION Test of overall significance is used to determine the ratio of the unexplained or residual variance. It follows the F- distribution with k-1 n-k degrees of freedom, where n is the number of observation and k is the number of parameters estimated. The computed F—ratio is compared with the critical F-ratio and the result was determined accordingly whether the model is statistically significant or not using the one percent level of significance. Fk-1,n-k= R2(k-1)(1-R2)(n-k) 1. TEST OF CORRELATION Coefficient Determination ( R2) The coefficient Determination provides a measure of how well future outcomes are likely to be predicted by model. R2=1- e2y2 Adjusted R2 : A high- adjusted R2 explains that variation in crime is indeed explained by explanatory variable. R=1-1-R2(n-1n-k) 2. TEST OF AUTOCORRELATION Durbin-Watson Statistics It will test the presence of autocorrelation in the residuals from regression analysis. d= t=2T(et-et-1)2t=1Tet2 DURBIN WATSON DECISION RULE (Guajarati, 2003) NULL HYPOTHESIS| DECISION| IF:| No positive autocorrelation| Reject| 0